Abe Lincoln :: essays research papers

Abraham Lincoln was conceived on February 12, 1809 out of a log lodge in the Kentucky wild. When be was a young man his Grandfather battled in the Revolutionary War. He had a younger sibling by the name of Sarah.           As he went to class he met a kid by the name of Austin. They right away became companions all the more so best of companions. From the outset Abe wasn't permitted to go to class since he didn't have a decent pair of britches. In his side interest he wanted to peruse.      When Abe was eleven, his mom kicked the bucket of what they called "milk sick" which happened from drinking unpasteurized milk. That was four years after they moved to another homestead in southern Indiana. He needed to live in an open shed all through the winter. That year his mom passed on, his dad remarried. He wedded Sarah Bush Johnson. She brought three children and a cousin Dennis Hanks.      When Abe was nineteen, he filled in as a boatman and make his first outing down the Mississippi River to New Orleans, the focal point of the slave exchange.      When Abe was twenty-one, he moved with his family to Illinois. Anyway Abe's sibling Thomas didn't make it to Illinois since he passed on of flu. Not long after Abe made his second stumble on the flatboat to New Orleans to guard the blacks and battle subjection. Abe filled in as a commander operating at a profit Hawk War and was crushed. Abe returned to Illinois and not long after was chosen for the State Legislature and before long got one of the most encouraging youthful Whig party pioneers.      When Abe was thirty-three, he wedded Mary Todd on November 4,1842. Throughout the following eleven years the two would have four youngsters their names were Robert, Edward, William, and Thomas. Not long after their marriage Abe turned into a legal counselor and rehearsed in Springfield, Illinois. Not long after that Abe was chosen for Congress. While in Congress it was said that Abe had a mystery sentiment with Ann Rutledge tragically, Ann passed on in 1835. Additionally during his reign in Congress Abe recommended that slave proprietors in the District of Columbia he lost a ton of notoriety while doing as such. Abe and his partner Douglas discussed each other over the extension of servitude into the domains. As these discussions went on a man by the name of John Brown endeavored to begin a disobedience by driving an assault on Harper's Ferry.

Methodology (guide 1000) †Research Design Essay

The present examination utilizes an engaging similar structure, with sustenance information, ways of life, and wellbeing practices being thought about. The scores of the two gatherings (ordinary weight and large gatherings) were broke down utilizing the Chi-square to decide whether they had a relationship with being corpulent. Tthe study is spellbinding in nature as frequencies, means, and recurrence conveyances were registered to portray the examples utilized in the investigation. Tests and Sampling Plan Hong Kong inhabitants between 18 to 40 years of age is the populace for this examination study. Since the all out populace for the study is extremely huge, because of time constraints an example size of 60 was taken for the study, with 30 designated to the ordinary weight gathering and the rest to the large example. Purposive examining strategy is received for this examination. The choice of representatives for the test bunch was made based on their cooperation in the pressure the board workshop. To guarantee the adequacy of the examination, representatives having a place with all degrees of the board, administration time, sex gatherings and age are chosen to take an interest in the review. There will be two examples utilized in the investigation, to be specific, 1) typical weight gathering and 2) the hefty gathering. The two gatherings will be picked utilizing purposive testing. Purposive inspecting is a well known research enlisting strategy, as the example size doesn't need to be resolved toward the start of the undertaking. It is likewise a favorable position for this investigation, as the example size will be obliged by time and accessible assets (Mack, Woodsong, MacQueen, Guest and Namey, 2005). This investigation will utilize purposive example to choose respondents. This depended on respondents’ ability to take part and being accessible during the period to finish the reviews. Educated agree should be mulled over toward the beginning of any examination venture. Assent is about members settling on a sensible decision to partake in the investigation, and, all things considered, their desires need to â€Å"fit† with the objectives of the examination (Mason, 1997). The analyst will guarantee that the members were completely educated. Likewise the scientist talked about the potential assent structure with their director and partners. This will feature to the specialist potential ambiguities in importance, befuddling sentences and missing data that are probably going to refute the measures (Patton, 2000). Educated assent requires the familiarity with the specialist that support is dependant on an individual’s comprehension of the objectives of the examination, and what is anticipated from the member. Educated assent will guarantee regard for the nobility of the member (Mack et al. , 2005). Compulsion into interest will be kept away from no matter what, as the examination necessitates that support be deliberate (Mack et al, 2005). Therefore, educated agree was to guarantee the prosperity of members as its need. Moreover, members would be made mindful that their reactions would legitimately add to a sharing of information on nourishment information, ways of life, and wellbeing practices among Hong Kong inhabitants. Moreover, respondents will be consoled that the information gathered would be kept private. No motivations will be given to investment in this examination. Results gathered from the last examinations will be made accessible to respondents on demand. Methodology The respondents who are intelligible for investment were reached to request their authorization in taking an interest in the investigation. They were sent proper letters or messages demonstrating this reason. Calls were made to these people to affirm their eagerness to partake in the investigation. This examination is intended to investigate on sustenance information, ways of life, and wellbeing practices of typical weight and hefty people in Hong Kong. The essential wellspring of information is the reactions to a poll (see Appendix A). A primer report is done on the reactions gathered from 5 respondents. The survey was then modified dependent on their recommendations. During pilot testing, wording of certain inquiries is improved to make it increasingly justifiable to the respondents. A few inquiries were wiped out from the survey and new inquiries were included the premise of the respondents’ remarks. The procedure was rehashed once to show up at the last survey to be utilized on the example. The information assortment period occured over a time of 15 days. The exploration speculations were not unveiled rather respondents were just educated that the investigation intends to decide contrasts in wholesome information, ways of life, and wellbeing practices between ordinary weight and fat people, thus add to look into on this subject. It is foreseen that respondents are less inclined to figure the speculations, thus more averse to show socially attractive reactions so as to â€Å"please† the agent. Respondents were called to regulate the review by means of phone. Every respondent was informed that the fulfillment of the study will take around 10 minutes and they were approached to email a marked assent structure in the event that he is managable to the terms of support. In all cases, assent structures were printed and put away independently to assent structures, and every poll booklet was recognized distinctly with a respondent number. On consummation of the examination, respondents were expressed gratitude toward, and were quickly educated regarding the study’s speculations. Respondents were additionally educated that the outcomes regarding the examination will be made accessible to them on demand following accommodation of the last proposition. References Adamson, A.J., Rugg-Gunn, A.J., Butler, T.J., & Appleton, D.R. (1996). The commitment of nourishments from outside the home to the supplement admission of youthful adolescents.â Journal of Human sustenance and Dietetics, 9(1), 55-68 Branch of Health, Hong Kong. (2006). Heftiness. Recovered on October 20, 2006 from http://www.dh.gov.hk/english/principle/main_chp/surveil_pr_dig_kncd_obesity.html.

How to Compare and Contrast Essay Samples

How to Compare and Contrast Essay SamplesEssay comparison and contrast are two different ideas. The idea is to find similarities between your essay topics and then uncover the differences and highlight the similarities. In order to do this you must look at the same topic in a variety of different ways. A good example would be comparing two subjects like babies and parents.If you are to write an essay on a topic of birth mothers or adoption then the more research you will need to do, the better. Each story must have its own perspective and point of view. If the writing samples are to compare and contrast it will help to know the background information about each subject.For example, if you are to compare birth mothers to adoptive parents and you do not know much about either subject, but just a little, you might include some details from the mother, such as the birth place and birth mother's marital status. You should also know the reasons why these two women adopted their child. This information would help you begin to highlight the similarities and contrasts of each topic.There are a few steps to take when writing your paper. You should organize the research and prior to that, you should do the brainstorming which is one of the most important steps.Brainstorming is an organized way to come up with key points, find the topics that work for you and pull your facts together into a well-rounded theme. It is essential that you incorporate all of the research so you can have a cohesive theme for your essay.You will want to make sure that the documents are structured for comparison and contrast. When organizing the essays, it is important to create logical folders to hold all of the documents. For example, one folder might hold the research documents, another might hold your handouts for each topic and another folder might hold the essays.Once the folders are arranged, you will want to put together a brief outline for each topic. You will want to summarize each topic and then identify each subject of the essay to then include a short paragraph.When you compare and contrast essay samples, it is very important to stay consistent with the structure. It is not enough to label your folder, notebook or paper with the topics. You will want to use different colors and font size for each topic so that you can easily distinguish the focus of each essay.

Sexuality and Adolescence - 984 Words

1. Sexuality and Adolescence As therapist, I would reassure Anna that her behavior is normal. That young people start dating today earlier than they did in previous generations and this may be where her mother fails to understand her. It is due also to the tendency for teens to date earlier than they once did that teens by age 14 are more likely to engage in coitus during high school, which explain her boyfriends insistence on sex. On the other hand, there are certainly grounds for her mothers concern. Rathus et al (2006) state that teens who initiate sexual intercourse earlier are less likely to use contraceptives and more likely to end up in an unwanted pregnancy. Anna can easily slip into this category and, particularly considering that she is only 13, this is what her mother wants to avoid at all costs. Having a baby at this age would be detrimental to her in so many ways, not least in that she will have to scuttle her educational and vocational plans and ramifications would be adverse for the child to. On the other hand, and as assurance to the mother and to Anna, early coitus does not always lead to unwanted pregnancies. It seems to me, however, that Anna is still too young for coitus. In another year to two she may yet learn to experiment, aside from which I feel uneasy at the boyfriends pressure on her to have sex. It seems to me that he may be too controlling and insensitive of her feelings or of her developmental stage. The fact that he is 3 years olderShow MoreRelatedTeenager sexuality refers to sexual feelings, behavior and development in adolescence. It is a900 Words   |  4 PagesTeenager sexuality refers to sexual feelings, behavior and development in adolescence. It is a stage of human sexuality which is often a vital aspect of teenagers’ lives. Some people believe that sex is essential in every teenage life while other think that it is far better to avoid it till marriage. Studies show that teens are becoming sexually active at younger ages than ever before. This development raises moral, social and health issues as well as considerable controversy. Why this sudden transformationR ead MoreThe Sexuality of Adolescent Americans in Juno1555 Words   |  6 PagesThe Sexuality of Adolescent Americans: Juno Abstract Sexuality and sex in America is a complicated subject in that there is little consensus on the topic of sex in, and the American media sends many mixed messages regarding sex and sexuality to everyone, not just to adolescents. Americans are aware of sex primarily through advertising (print media, commercials, etc.) as sex is used to sell anything and everything. The media also bombards Americans with sexuality and sex on television and inRead MoreAdolescence Sexual Development Essay833 Words   |  4 Pages Life is full of changes and in the period of the adolescence the changes start to develop what a person will be in the adultness. Many factors are matured in the teenage years as an example, one of them is sexuality. Sexuality can be a very important variable in the life of an adolescent, because in this life period the sexual identity is defined. There are three strong circumstances that can define the sexual identity of an adolescent: The biological characteristic, love and pornography. The biologicalRead MoreSexuality and the development of a sexual selfhood is a development that can occur during900 Words   |  4 PagesSexuality and the development of a sexual selfhood is a development that can occur during adolescence. While this categorical event may be universal, how it is experienced is unique based on personal, social, and contextual reasons. This development arises from an intertwining of physiological and psychological processes and is tightly related to identity. Historically, research on sexuality has been driven by a public health agenda, which is overshadowed by moral panic and bad outcomes of adolescentRead MoreYoung Person Who Is Going Through Adolescence Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesDefined by Merriam-Webster Dictionary adolescents is â€Å"a young person who is developing into an adult: a young person who is going through adolescence† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2016), Everyday adolescents are exposed to many ideas about their sexuality. There are several major factors that play into an individual adolescent’s views of sexuality. This dissociation between the ideas being pushed on children about sex causes confusion. Adolescents receive their sexual education and ideasRead MoreAdolescence And Emerging Adulthood : The Breakfast Club1377 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationships by the day’s end (Hughes et al., 1985). The film illustrated a rather realistic portrait of adolescence in several topical domains. The Film’s Portrayal of Adolescence The authors of The Breakfast Club produced a developmentally accurate depiction of adolescence (Hughes et al., 1985). Many of the film’s portrayals of adolescence complement the works of Arnett, author of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach (2013). Cliques and Crowds Each main character in the movieRead MoreCyber Deviance Among Adolescents And Adolescents1714 Words   |  7 Pagessocial learning, self-control, and differential association have been used with a positivist approach – more specifically the positivist’s assumption of determinism – to try to explain adolescent â€Å"cyber deviant† sexual behavior (Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1994). It is important to note that this writer’s analysis is specifically written not to discuss whether or not this type of behavior is or should be defined as normal, a crime, or even deviant – despite the use of the term â€Å"cyber deviance† –Read MoreThe Documentaries Killing Us Softly 4 Essay1252 Words   |  6 PagesJean Kilbourne and Dream World 3 directed by Sut Jhally explore the distorted and fallacious ideals of femininity and sexuality expressed in contemporary media. The documentaries Dream World 3 and Killing Us Softly 4 examine the exploitation of women within the media. The media, such as advertisement and the music video industry, relies heavily on the seductive image of female sexuality. Evident in not only every genre of music, but also every form of advertisement, the videos and advertisements exposeRead MoreSong Is Popular Among Teens988 Words   |  4 Pagesappropriate to get attention and become popular with her fans that are easily influenced by sexuality agendas by young teenagers hormonal changes during this mental and physical changes in their lives. Miley Cyrus reminds me of Madonna actions with her lyric and album â€Å"Like a Virgin† back in the 1980’s. Madonna’s actions set her apart from other music artist and caused society to relook how young adolescence males and females were acting out in the response to a young female that was sexy, talentedRead MoreReproductive Health Knowledge And Unsafe Induced Abo rtion Among Female Adolescent1571 Words   |  7 Pages1Reproductive health 2.3 Sexual and reproductive health 2.4 Knowledge of contraception and its usage among adolescents in Nigeria 2.5 Incidence of unsafe induced abortion among adolescent 2.6Adolescent sexuality and the question of chastity 2.7 Cultural and adolescent sexuality 2.9 Adolescent sexuality in a changing world 2.10 Theoretical framework CHAPTER THREE : METHODS OF STUDY 3,0 Introduction 3.1 The study population 3.2 The research design 3.3 Survey design 3.4 Sample size and sampling technique

The Death Of Sir Richard Steele - 1535 Words

The best remembered periodical essayist, dramatist, and a politician was a man named Sir Richard Steele. His birth date is not known but it is known that he was baptized on March 12, 1676 on Dublin, Ireland. Richard Steele’s father was also named Richard Steele; he was an attorney and his mother’s name was Elinor Sheyles; her occupation was not said. Unfortunately, after his parents passed away in 1676. Steele was placed under the guardianship of his uncle, Henry Gascoigne, which was secretary of to the Duke of Ormonde. One of his challenges he faced was that he only had one stage failure in 1703, which was The Lying Lover, that had only ran for six nights. As Steele said â€Å"damned for its piety.† (Mutter) Another challenged he faced was†¦show more content†¦Ten editions were sold in his lifetime. Steele was accused of hypocrisy and mocked for the differences between his attitude precepts and genial convivial practice. In Steele’s plays the mor alistic tract would be echoed. Later that same year, Steele wrote his first comedy The Funeral or Grief A-la-mode. It was successfully performed at Drury Lane. This play made his reputation look good and was noticed by King William and the Whig leaders. Late in 1703, his second comedy, The Lying Lover was the only stage failure Steele had. It only had six runs. In 1705, Joseph Addison helped Steele with his third comedy called The Tender Husband. It was also a success, might have been because Addison put in his part by helping Steele. On August 12, 1709, Steele had released his paper called The Tatler, to be published thrice-weekly. It continued with Addison’s help. The Tatler issues were authored by Steele. Addison writing about 46 on his own and working with Steele he had about 36 done. The Tatler unfortunately discontinued on January 2, 1711. The reason for this is uncertain but mainly because of political reasons. Under the name of Isaac Bickerstaff, Richard Steele made a mixture of entertainment and instruction in a manner of morals that was going to be perfected in The Spectator. Richard Steele wrote this â€Å"The general purpose of the whole has been to recommend truth, innocence, honor, and virtue, as the chief of ornaments ofShow MoreRelated Social Networkings Influence on Eating Disorders Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pages As many as 10 million woman and girls suffer from anorexia or bulimia in the United States (Steele). Anorexia and bulimia are very serious eating disorders. Many women an d young girls feel that these disorders are the only way for them to be accepted by others. However the strive for acceptance only ends up causing pain, emotional harm, or death to those affected. Being a sufferer of anorexia, I know the emotional and physical damage this disease can cause. The root cause of having an eatingRead MoreTimeline Of World Masterpieces 851 Words   |  4 Pagesthe death your right to say it. -Voltaire, Attributed I don’t agree with the things you speak, but I will defend your right to say what you want. This is true in our society as there are people who are out there who fight for everyone’s right to freedom of speech regardless of how insensitive or politically incorrect the things they are saying. They believe that everyone has their own opinions and they have the right to voice them. 4. Reading is to the brain what exercise is to the body. -Sir RichardRead More 17th century english writers Essay2808 Words   |  12 Pagesand developed a strong background in writing as well as the classical languages.(1) He emerged as an important figure in Cromwell’s republican government. Milton was an important factor in keeping the somewhat unpopular Cromwell in power until his death in 1658. Cromwell was seen as a threat both at home and abroad and was accused of trying to assume dictator like powers in the English government. In January 1641 the puritans in Parliament introduced a law abolishing the office of Bishop in theRead MoreEighteenth Century English Literature5838 Words   |  24 Pageswere enough to improve it. They were the moderates, represented in literature by Daniel Defoe, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, and Samuel Richardson. Others, the radicals, wanted more democracy in the ruling of the country. They defended the interests of the exploited masses. The most outstanding representatives of the radicals were Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding, Oliver Goldsmith. Richard B. Sheridan. In the epoch of Enlightenment the poetic forms of the Renaissance were replaced by proseRead More Constructing Fantasy in Hitchcocks Vertigo Essay3254 Words   |  14 PagesScotty demands a particular dress to re-fashion Judy into Madeleine, the saleswoman comments, The gentleman seems to know what he wants. As he becomes more forceful and demanding in his requests, she exclaims, You certainly do know what you want sir. She is right. Scotty knows what he wants and how to create her. Scotty fabricates the identity of the woman he desires in a clothing store, buying Judy the same dresses that already hang in her closet, commodities left over from her past role as MadeleineRead MoreEssays on Vehicular Pollution3733 Words   |  15 Pagesback to the mid-18th-century interest in folklore which arose in Germany--with Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm collecting popular fairy tales and other scholars like Johann Gottfried von Herder studying folk songs--and in England with Joseph Addison and Richard Steele treating old ballads as if they were high poetry. These activities set the tone for one aspect of Romanticism: the belief that products of the uncultivated popular imagination could equal or even surpass those of the educated court poets and composersRead MoreEssays on Vehicular Pollution3726 Words   |  15 Pagesback to the mid-18th-century interest in folklore which arose in Germany--with Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm collecting popular fairy tales and other scholars like Johann Gottfried von Herder studying folk songs--and in England with Joseph Addison and Richard Steele treating old ballads as if they were high poetry. These activities set the tone for one aspect of Romanticism: the belief that products of the uncultivated popular imagination could equal or even surpass those of the educated court poets and composersRead MoreThe History of American Literature3501 Words   |  15 PagesThe history of American Literature starts well before this land was even called Am erica. It has been a great evolution to come from tribal symbols and drawings to todays Stephen King and Danielle Steele. Literature has gone through many phases and was impacted by great events and ideas in American history. The earliest form of literature in what would one day be known as America were far from what modern day people would consider Literature. The Natives who inhabited this land first had unwrittenRead MoreManchester United F.C6594 Words   |  27 Pagesname | Manchester United Football Club | Nickname(s) | The Red Devils[1] | Founded | 1878, as Newton Heath LYR F.C. | Ground | Old Trafford (Capacity: 75,811[2]) | Owner | Glazer family | Co-chairmen | Joel  and  Avram Glazer | Manager | Sir Alex Ferguson | League | Premier League | 2010–11 | Premier League, 1st | Website | Club home page | | Home  colours | Away  colours | Third  colours | |   Current season | Manchester United Football Club  is an English professional  football  clubRead MoreHumanities11870 Words   |  48 Pagesdecode the messages hidden inside the artwork. This is why learning the artists language is important. The viewer decodes the messages based on his/her own experiences and cultural backgrounds. For example, a Chinese may associate white color with death, while westerners may associate the color with purity. Strategy: The five pillars of art appreciation There are many ways of approaching the subject of art appreciation. Over here I shall introduce to you a set of strategies to get you started

Compare and Contrast Functionalism and Structuralism

Chapter 1 What is social psychology? LEARNING OUTCOMES When you have ï ¬ nished studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1 Outline the main differences between experimental and critical approaches to social psychology. 2 Describe the three main ‘metaphysical battles’ between them. 3 Trace the origins of social psychology through the work of William McDougall and William James, and the contributions made by Và ¶lkerpsychologie and crowd psychology. 4 Describe the two contrasting images of ‘the person’ in social psychology. 5 Identify the roots of and describe the historical development of both experimental and critical social psychology. 6 Describe the main elements of Modernism and Postmodernism, and how these relate†¦show more content†¦In those days, she said, a lot of men’s violence towards women was not really treated as a crime. The police in the USA and the UK usually treated attacks like this – even very violent ones – as ‘domestic’ incidents and hence private matters. Worse, common wisdom at that time assumed that any woman stupid or brazen enough to be out on the streets at 3 o’clock in the morning was to be regarded as ‘fair game’. According to Cherry, this was not so much about ‘bystander apathy’ in general but, rather, a speciï ¬ c form of ‘turning a blind eye’ to something that is ‘none of your business’, a very different kind of explanation. Going critical? So why am I starting this book with this story, you may ask? My answer is that I wanted get you interested, to draw you in, right from the start, to thinking critically – cynically, even – about social psychology and what it does. The complex and fascinating story of the story of the rape and murder of Kitty Genovese opens up all sorts of cans of worms – which is what this book is all about. Do not expect to ï ¬ nd in this book any simple, factual account of ‘what makes people tick’ as discovered by social psychologists. You will, I hope, get a good, basic grounding in the key WHAT IS SO CIAL PSYCHOLO GY? 5 topics, methods and approaches that have been taken by mainstream social psychologists, predominantly by means of experimental studies used to test their theories ofShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Structuralism and Functionalism1310 Words   |  6 PagesCOMPARE AND CONTRAST STRUCTURALISM AND FUNCTIONALISM In my opinion both of the theories structuralism and functionalism involved the study of the human mind and how it works and they were both concerned with the mind at the conscious level. Personally, my feel of the two is that functionalism is more important than structuralism. I believe that functionalism is far better school than structuralism as it is more flexible and scientific in nature which I can relate myself with. I happen to thinkRead MoreHistory of Psychology852 Words   |  4 Pagesbehavior. Today the question we are doing falls under the History of Psychology. It deals with the earlier schools (Structuralism and Functionalism) and compares them with the most recent schools of psychology (Gestalt psychology, Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Psychology). Structuralism What is structuralism (voluntarisms)? Structuralism is said to be an approach to the human sciences which attempts to break conscious experience, down into objective sensation. Such as sightRead MoreCompare the Functionalist and Marxist Perspective on Society1104 Words   |  5 PagesCOMPARE THE FUNCTIONALIST AND MARXIST PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIETY INTRODUCTION â€Å"Lotto a ticket to your dreams† Vote Lucky Five and give yourself a chance fi step up inna life†. These slogans represent the societal belief of the Jamaican people that there are means by which one individual can move from one stratum of the Jamaican society to another. In some societies ones position in society is ascribed and fixed as in many Asian societies. These systems reinforce the idea of inequality and social changeRead MoreAbnormal Psychology Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferences between the proposed treatments from each psychological school of thought are used, to discover the most effective measures for diagnosing and treating abnormal psychology. Compare and Contrast Normal and Abnormal Psychology Abnormal psychology (2010), according to Merriam-Webster, is a branch of psychology concerned with mental and emotional disorders. Abnormal psychology focuses on the four D’s that determine normal and abnormalRead MoreGeneral Psychology Chapter 12275 Words   |  10 Pagesand so on. * Influence: because it specifies ways and means of changing behavior. Structuralism * Wilhelm Wundt * Edward Titchener -The first formal school of thought in psychology, aimed at analyzing the basic elements, or structures, of conscious mental experience -School of psychology that sought to determine the structure of the mind through controlled introspection. Wilhelm Wundt: Structuralism * Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) is generally thought of as the father of psychology. Read MorePsychology and Ob9277 Words   |  38 Pagesself-revelation. d) introspection. ANS: d DIFF: 2 PG: 1-9 TYPE: A OB: 3 36. Wilhelm Wundt founded the school of psychology called a) functionalism. c) behaviorism. b) psychoanalysis. d) structuralism. ANS: d DIFF: 1 PG: 1-9 TYPE: R OB: 3 37. Under the school of structuralism, an analytic study of objective sensations and subjective feelings is accomplished through the method called a) conditioning. c) introspection. b) psychoanalysisRead MoreMedia Role in Everyday Life2039 Words   |  9 Pagesstart (2000:7) Everyone who spoke or wrote about these media was themselves already educated within existing academic disciplines and motivated by particular interests 2000:7 Nevertheless, hybrid disciplines do appear all the time: semiotics, structuralism, sociolinguistics, and many more. Media studies snaps them all up: there can never be too many different ways of analysing just what is really going on in those fleeting images. Those rapt audiences. Those smoke filled boardrooms of owners. Read MoreAp Psychology Review Packet12425 Words   |  50 PagesEcstasy (MDMA):  a synthetic stimulant and a mild hallucinogen. Produces Euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurans and to mood and cognition. 91.Edward Titchener:  father of structuralism. 92.Effortful Processing:  encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. 93.Electroencephalogram (EEG):  an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brains surface. 94.Emotion:  response of the wholeRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pageswhat happens in organizations, and these theories have not been through a peer-review process. This raises some interesting issues around how organization theories are often disseminated, particularly to managers. We shall return to this later. In contrast, the theories we informally use to make sense of our everyday lives are not usually precisely written down and then submitted to such extensive review, debate and the critical scrutiny of our peers. Usually we do not have to worry about the problems

Nike Competition Analysis-Case Study- Free Sample

Background Information Situation Analysis For years, NIKE, Inc. has been the worldwide leader of athletic shoe sales. The companys successful brand image united competition and empowerment for the competitive, athletic user. However, NIKE is losing their grasp of the urban, casual runner. These runners exercise and run for fitness or enjoyment, avoiding the competitive atmosphere many of NIKEs current brand statements are aligned with. Nike needs to reposition their brand towards a focus on fun and functionality. By compiling and examining a variety of information we will be able to interpret where NIKE currently stands in the athletic shoe industry and how they will be able to adapt their brand position to be more successful in the future. These adaptations will allow NIKE to reach a more casual group of urban runners and consequently increase sales forecasts, while maintaining a dominating portion of the market for athletic shoes. Tight Deadlines, Unclear Tasks, Clashing Assignments Are Giving You Sleepless Night? Get Assignment Help from MyAssignmenthelp.com and Secure Your Grade Company Profile NIKE Inc. was established in 1971 by Bill Bowerman, a former track and field coach at the University of Oregon, and Phil Knight, a student-athlete at the University of Oregon. After several years of distribution under the name Blue Ribbon Sports, the duo decided to enter the athletic shoe manufacturing business. With the help of Jeff Johnson, the first employee of the company, the brand Nike was born. One year later, in 1972, a graphic design student at Portland State University developed a brand symbol that would one day be recognized globally: the Nike Swoosh. The company later adjusted its official name to NIKE, Inc.The main headquarters of NIKE Inc. have been located in Beaverton, Oregon since 1990. Leading the executive team of NIKE Inc. is Mark Parker. According to the official NIKE website, Parker joined Nike as one of our first footwear designers back in 1979, and hes been at the center of Nike innovation ever since, (About NIKE, Inc.). He is now President and CEO of the comp any. Alongside him are co-founder Philip H Knight, who serves as the Chairman of the Board of Directors, and Charlie Denson, who holds the position of NIKE brand president. NIKE Inc. is a publicly traded company that sells athletic products under the NIKE brandname and affiliate brands. At the end of fiscal 2011, NIKE Inc. earned a $20.9 billion in revenue. The brand carries products for men and women and covers a range of products from cross-training shoes to the NIKE+ technology platform. Action sports, athletic training, basketball,football, soccer, running, and tennis are only a few of the many activities NIKE manufactures products for. Several NIKE affiliates specialize in one of these sports, such as NIKE Golf, a sub-branch that designs golf equipment, balls, footwear, bags, and other accessories for the global market. NIKE golf is not the only affiliate contributing to NIKE Inc. Cole Haan, a luxury brand with more than 180 retail location and a fiscal 2011 sales total of $518 million. Converse, known as Americas Original Sports Company realized $1.1 billion in sales in fiscal 2011. Hurley International, an action sports apparel company earned $25 2 million in sales that same year. Nike claims, As part of our growth strategy, we continue to invest in opportunities that will generatethe highest possible long-term returns, (About NIKE, Inc.). Altogether, the affiliate brands contributed $2.7 billion in Nike Inc. revenue last year. Industry Trends The athletic shoe industry is segmented into more than fifteen specific groups. Among those categories, running shoes is the largest. According to American Time Use Survey, between the yeras of 2003 and 2006, 7.1 percent of people over the age of 15 engaged in running as a daily activity (https://www.bls.gov/spotlight/2008/sports/). Other activities include basketball, dancing, and hiking but have a lower participation rate. From the year 2005 to 2007 every retail channel, with the exception of department stores, has experienced an increase in athletic shoe sales. Shoe stores sales have increased 3.5% to $10,059 million, sporting good stores have increased 13.7% to $3,546 million, superstores have increased 7.1% to $2,072 million, and clothing stores have increased 3.9% to $1,323 million (Mintel, 2008). Sales have consistently increased within the industry. From 2002 to 2007 there has been a steady growth of about 2.8% per year . This pattern is forecast to continue through the year 2012.Although the growth rate of the industry is low, sports participation rates have never been static. There are also outside sales from users who are not looking to purchase the shoe for athletic use. According to a 2008 survey, only 19% of people purchase athletic shoes solely for sports orexercise (Mintel, 2008).Other factors that affect the purchase of athletic shoes are comfort, price, performance, style, brand, technology, and endorsement. In the same 2008 survey, users revealed they rate comfort at 99% importance and price at 94% importance. It is important to realize that, even though the respondents in the survey indicated only 13% importance to celebrity endorsement, there has been research that shows this is inaccurate. Mintel believes respondents may be understating the importance of celebr ity endorsement. Mintels Sports Enthusiasts-U.S., July 2007, found that 38% of obsessed sports enthusiasts purchased licensed sports clothing in the past months (Mintel, 2008).Like many industries, the athletic shoe industry is facing difficulaty due to the state of our economny. While there has been steady growth in the industry, inflated prices are causing sales to remain static (Mintel, 2008). The competition for market share in the athletic shoe industry is a thre at because of innovative brands in the industry. On the other hand, technological advancements in terms of promotion and product pose exciting opportunities. There are also opportunities to reach the consumers at department stores, where sales are currently down 21.8%(Mintel, 2008). Competitive Analysis Many companies that vie to capture the purchases of consumers across the nation in the market of athletic shoes. However, NIKE dominates a majority of the market share for athletic shoes This fact is clearly evident from the pie chart located in Appendix A, Figure 1. According to the data from Market Share Reporter, the NIKE brand alone owns a 35.21 percent market share, a giant portion of the total market (Ed. Robert S. Lazich and Virgil L. Burton, III). Additionally, the same report notes that two NIKE subsidiary companies own marginal portions of the market, with Jordan brand shoes having a 10.83 percent market share and Converse owning 2.83 percent of the market. Jordan and Converse offer niche-specific athletic shoes. Jordan offers shoes tailored for basketball players and Converse aims towards style over function. These brands would not take away sales from NIKE if the company chose to market towards urban, casual runners.NIKE has a few clear-cut competitors in the market for a thletic shoes.Adidas stands as NIKEs top competitor. Adidas has the marketing power to expand its brand and positive brand standing within the industry: the company will sponsor the 2012 Olympics in London (London 2012 Olympic Partners). Adidas can steal casual, urban runners who have preconceived notions of NIKE as a brand strictly for the competitor. Adidass brand owns 32 percent of the market for athletic shoes (Ed. Robert S. Lazich and Virgil L. Burton, III). The Reebok brand is a subsidiary of Adidas that also owns a decent portion of the market. While much of Reeboks 6 income is from apparel and cleat sales, its athletic shoes own about 2.58 percent of the market for athletic shoes (Ed. Robert S. Lazich and Virgil L.Burton, III). Reebok, however, is aggressively moving to increase its market share this year. Their updated line of Zigtech shoes position the brand as a fitness shoe instead of a competitive shoe (Reebok Zigactive: Ochocinco vs. Annie). Reebok has also upped its s ocial media efforts to cater to the interactivity consumers gravitate towards. The American-owned company New Balance poses a viable risk to NIKEs market holdings. The company is the only shoe manufacturer to still manufacture in the U.S., though some of its operations have moved oversees. This may entice Americans who prefer purchasing shoes from an American born and made company (which may be older American citizens). New Balance owns 5.05 percent of the market (Ed. Robert S. Lazich and Virgil L. Burton, III).Skechers, with their shape up brand, own 4.61 percent of the market for athletic shoes (Ed. Robert S. Lazich and Virgil L. Burton, III). Skechers has built their brands image around the casual runner. Their shape-ups product has attracted some casual runners, especially women,due to its combination of fashion and comfort in an athletic shoe.Finally, Japanese company Asics owns a 2.83 percent share of the athletic shoe market (Ed. Robert S. Lazich and Virgil L. Burton, III). Asics has gained ground steadily in recent years after being virtually unknown in the past. They do not stand as much of a threat to NIKE in their current position.Looking at all of NIKEs competition this year, the two companies that pose the largest threat to NIKE are Adidas and Reebok. Adidas controls the largest portion of the athletic shoe market outside of NIKE and its subsidiaries. Their newer Adidas is All In advertisements seek to position their brand as an exciting product that can make any person feel like a rock star (Adidas Is All In). Reebok, though they do not control the largest portion of the shoe market outside of NIKE, is making a push to promote their products as catering to the lifestyles of the consumers. The company has recently launched an improved line, zigtech, that helps the consumer enjoy the sport of fitness with their innovative design and responsive cushioning (Reebok Zigactive: Ochocinco vs. Annie). In the coming sales year, Adidas and Reebok have the potential to steal urban, casual runners from NIKEs current market holding. Brand Analysis NIKE currently positions its brand towards the competitive athlete. For years, the companys motto has been Just Do It, embodying the spirit of athletes who perform well under any circumstances. On NIKEs corporate website, the company states its mission is, to bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world...if you have a body, you are an athlete. (About NIKE, Inc.) NIKE makes a statement by saying everyone can be an athlete by wearing their shoes, creating emotional attachments that connect consumers with feelings of empowerment; this gives NIKE the advantage of reaching the self-expressive level of benefits with its consumers. The idea that NIKE can give you a leg up on the competition is a heavy emotional benefit that drives the current brand image of NIKEs athletic shoes. Consumers around the world also trust NIKE as a dependable brand (Mintel, 2011).In its advertising campaigns today, NIKE attempts to capture consumers through functional and emotional benefits. In its Make it count campaign, NIKE shows people all across the country performing a variety of athletic activities in the NIKE shoes, showing the functional benefit of the shoes to be that they allow the owner to participate in any activity to their fullest (NIKE, #makeitcount). The ad then moves into the companys new slogan, Make it count, creating the emotional appeal that NIKE shoes will help the consumers to create a difference in their lifestyles through their actions. Overall, the ad campaign creates a brand personality that marvels NIKE as both an exciting and successful product which gives consumers the ability to perform at a greater level while feeling important in their new shoes.NIKEs main competitor, Adidas, also attempts to reach the more active athletes who strive to defeat their competition. Adidas tries to prove that their shoe will make athletes more prepared to face the competition through the use of their shoes. On the companys website, Adidas lists two of its goa ls in its mission. They say, We are innovation and design leaders who seek to help athletes of all skill levels achieve peak performance with every product we bring to market. We are consumer focused, (About Us, Adidas-group.com). This is where Adidas differentiates themselves from NIKEs strategies. Adidas tries to create top-of-mind brandpresence while associating shoes with innovation and change. They help consumers see that they can live a life of glory with the brands shoes.In their recent Adidas Is All In campaign, Adidas has effectively brought about functional and emotional attributes relating to the brand (Adidas, Adidas Is All In Commercial). Their sixty-second spot aired over television and the Internet, showing a functional benefit of asleek, comfortable shoe that can help the consumer accomplish active tasks to the best of their ability. Adidas, however, separates from NIKE through their emotional appeals. In the sixty-second spot, everyone from athletes to citizens are HAVING FUN and creating lasting experiences. When Adidas says that they are All In, they create a brand personality geared towards those looking for excitement in their athletic and running experiences rather then just function.Following the lead of Adidas, Reebok creates a brand that is based around the consumer. Their slogan, I am what I am, stresses the idea that Reeboks shoes can serve many different purposes to different types of consumers. On their company website, Reebok has a box at the top of the screen that says, I want with the ability for the consumer to add information based upon their interests (Reebok.com).Reebok has created a brand image and personality that puts the consumer first. Their shoes inspire the consumer to be whatever they wish, but be aided in their tasks by what they wear. This is important, because Reebok isnt forcing their consumers to have a competitive athlete persona.Reebok also largely differentiates from its competitive field through its innovati on in functional benefits. Their new lines of Zigtech shoes promote comfort and performance in their unique design. The common human being works out and matches NFL star Chad Ochocinco in all activites during the course of the commercial, showing the functional benefits of the shoe by saying that it will help to better your workout performance (Reebok, Reebok Zigactive: Ochocinco vs. Annie). At the end of the commercial, text says The Sport of Fitness hasArrived. In separating sport from fitness, Reebok has created an emotional appeal towards the runners and workout experts that can create brand loyalty. Consumer Analysis NIKE, for years, has put forth a tremendous amount of effort in order to preserve a large following of consumers who remain loyal to the brand and what it stands for. The current users of NIKE branded shoes come from a wide variety of demographic backgrounds. Among the many consumers who use NIKEs athletic shoes, a clear split among male and female consumers exists, with males making up 50.7% sales to the 49.3% of sales from females (Mediamark,2010). Most of the consumers of NIKE products went off to college, with 58.6% of the consumers having either attended college or gone on past a four-year college to graduate school (Mediamark, 2010). Some age segments purchase more shoes then others. The largest purchasers to increase the sales of the brands products; consumers age 18-24 make up the market sector that could be receptive to new ads focusing on a casual running experience that would encourageurban runners to buy NIKE shoes. Consumers within the ages of 18 to 24 years old are more likely to try out new athletic shoe brands on a more consistent basis then any other age group (Mintel, 2008). This age group also uses athletic shoes in a fairly consistent manner, exercising more then any other age group. Around 54% of this age group runs or jogs regularly as opposed to much lower numbers in older generations (Mintel, 2008). Additionally, New Balance and Reebok have created more brand loyalty among older consumers (Mintel, 2008). It would be difficult to change the perception of NIKE products to older generations who have already formulated their beliefs about running shoe brands. In marketing a casual, non-competitiveatmosphere associated with NIKE shoes to urban runners between the ages of 18-24, the products can become top-of-mind to this age group. The age group stands as a mix of emergent consumers. In creating positive associations related to a casual experience with the products, NIKE can make the 18-24 year old consumers brand loyal going into the future and increase the companys total sales now and in the future. Creative Analysis NIKE, Inc.s newest ad campaign is an international campaign titled Make It Count, which focuses on the new Nike Fuelband product. (NIKE Inc, 2012). The #makeitcount text is also included in many of the advertisements. The campaign focuses on the concept of making what a person does in life count or hold significance by inferring that life itself is a sport that must be won. This campaigns American advertisements focus on a spectrum of bright red, yellow, and green often blending together, while many of the ads also use neutrals and dull backgrounds to make the main colors pop. The commercials contain a mash-up of different advertisements Overall the ad entices viewers by creating a desire to see what the advertisement is about, but there is no explanation other than brief but intense imagery of strength training. This campaign is functional, introducing the mash up of different athletes wearing NIKE products and excelling at the activities they are performing. These commercials also include shots of urban environments, such as a busy street, graffiti covered walls, skylines, and a busy flight of stairs. Upbeat alternative rock music is a prominent feature, and many of these ads include font, or a voice over explaining the new Nike Fuel product. (Youtube/Nike, 2012) Both the print and commercial advertisements use a strong bold font in all capital letters, and the font is usually black, white, red or green depending on the background of the image (Appendix A, Figure 2). This campaign is self-expressive and focuses and an adventure and ambition appeal by showing unknown talented young athletes, making consumers desire to be like them. Using people who appear to be real life Nike consumers instead of celebrities make this concept morerealistic and reachable to consumers.Reeboks newest 2012 campaign is for the co-branded deal with the brand CrossFit (Zmuda 2011). The campaign titled The Sport of Fitness Has Arrived focuses on strength and conditioning programs, and how staying fit can also be a sport. The premiere commercial of this campaign opens with a helicopter, and then shows an unseen object being placed in a train car. The bulk of the commercial focuses on the train car being transported in different ways throughout the world, while onlookers stop what they are doing to watch. Stereotypical action movie music is played as the red train cars are transported, until they reach their destination; the consumer. One brave consumer opens the train car, and the commercial immediately changes to shots of people partaking in an extreme fitness and weight training routine as the music becomes more intense. The Sport Of Fitness Has Arrived appears, looking as though it was spray-painted on a wall, then the brands appear for the last two seconds of the commercial. (Youtube/Reebok, 2012) (Zmuda 2012).CrossFit and Reebok brands. However, due to the fact that the Reebok/CrossFit agreement was signed for ten years, it will be likely to see more emotional end self expressive traits in the campaigns once familiarity is established.(Zmuna, 2012)Adidas takes a creative route by focusing on big names and star power to bring attention to the company in its most recent campaigns. The adidas by Stella McCartney SS collection advertising campaign features multiple commercials of the same model featured wearing different clothing in different exotic locations with the same song Education by Femme. This campaign features a self-expressive appeal by m aking the brand fashionable and desirable to the audience. (SS12 Collection, www.youtube.com/adidas) The Adidas All In campaign features celebrities such as Katy Perry, Derrick Rose, and B.o.B, but focuses more on their star power rather than their academic performance (explaining why non athletes such as Katy Perry are being featured) (Youtube/Adidas, 2012). The use of celebrities is another self-expressive brand position, since they are not focusing on introducing the products, but rather depending on fans of these stars to purchase the products they are promoting. (Griner, 2011) Media Analysis In 2011, NIKE, Inc. focused most of their advertisements on television, magazines, and the Internet. 64% were on television, 32% were in magazines, and 4% was on the Internet, which cost NIKE a total of 38.5 million dollars (Appendix A, Figure 3). Although NIKE used some advertisements in smaller areas, such as spot television (.12%), the National Newspaper (.37%), Daily Newspapers (.18%), and outdoor advertisements (.33%), their main focus was to put in places where they thought most consumers today would be. NIKE did a good job at trying to spread their advertisements out to places where the most amount of consumers could see them. Like NIKE, Reebok put most of their advertisements on television (76%), magazines (22%), and the Internet (2%) (Appendix A, Figure 4). In addition, they also put advertisements outside (.23%), but their focus was more on the other three. Out of NIKE, Adidas, and themselves, Reebok was the company that had the least amount of diversity of ads (in the least amount of places) but spent the most money of these companies on advertising costs-totaling upto a whopping 51.4 million dollars (Ad$pender). Last year, Adidas spent most of their advertising money on television (71%) and magazines (13%) like NIKE, but they also put more ads on syndication (8%), theInternet(7%),and outside advertisements (1%) compared to the other two companies (Appendix A, Figure 5).This gave Adidas an advantage because they had advertisements in two more places than NIKE-making people want to buy their brand and resulting in more overall sales. In addition, Adidas also spent the least amount of money on these ads-only adding up to 19.5 million in 2011(Ad$pender). Therefore, Adidas is our biggest competitor, so we need to put more advertisements where they have in the past to make their customers more interested in our brand. Although bothAdidas and Reebok, NIKEs two biggest competitors, spent more money on their television advertisements than NIKE did last year (Adidas spent 71% and Reebok spent 76%), Adidas is still our biggest threat because they have a larger variety of places where they publish their advertisements.The biggest change that NIKE needs is to develop a stronger social media strategy campaign. For example, social media networks, like Facebook and Twitter, are the most usedwebsites of our typical NIKE target consumer. Since our target consumer is under the age of thirty years old, either male or female, lives in an urban area, and isnt necessarily athletic but enjoys working out, these social media networks are fun and exciting for trying to attract this new kind of customer to our company. In the past, with our Just Do It camp aign, we were focusing more on the competitive, dedicated athlete, when we need to be focusing more on the lifestyles that our target audience portrays in todays society. NIKE shoes can be used in anyway a person wants to-whether it is competing against others, for fun activities or simply just for daily use. With our new campaign, #makeitcount, and addition to putting more advertisements on theInternet(specifically Facebook and Twitter), NIKE will soon catch up to our top competitors in the places where our target audience is-on social media networks. Public Relations Analysis NIKE, Inc. has always been held in the highest, most respectable regards. With few glitches along the way, NIKE has become the worlds number one athletic shoe company in only four decades of development. Now an official sponsor of the National Football League as well as multiple other national teams, NIKE has run excellent advertisement campaigns and won many awards. The public relations tactic of NIKE has always been a positive message of diversity, innovation, and inspiration.With fresh campaigns each year, and sometimes many times per year, NIKE has the ability to keep in touch with its young consumers. A good example of such a campaign was the recent Write the Future campaign for consumer participation. A more recent call for amateur athletes to compete for a commercial spotlight was also successful. With famous tennis, footballand basketball stars, NIKE manages to stay trendy with young generations and hold their attention long enough to inspire.In 2004, the Nike Foundation was established with the mission to improve the lives of adolescent girls in third world countries. Within the last decade, the company has paved the way for Fortune 500 companies to instate recycling programs and the reduction of carbon emission. NIKE has also been placed as one of the Worlds Most Ethical Companies, Greatest Places to Work and Top Places To Launch A Career. For nine years, the company has also been voted as one of the Best American companies for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender employees (Nike.com). With such a positive brand image, NIKE may seem indestructible, however, trouble came with the guilty plea to running an interstate dogfighting ring by endorser Michael Vick.Though the companys partnership with Vick was terminated, more trouble arrived nearly nine years after sponsoring professional golfer, Tiger Woods, with the allegations and admittance of an extramarital affair.Multiple endorsers of Woods did not remain with him when the scandal made headlines, bu t NIKE stood by their top producer of golf product sales, hoping for a steady rate of return in sales despite his misrepresentation. Though NIKE lost 105,000 customers, ditching Woods could have cost the company $1.6 million in profits (Schultz, 2010). Months after the breaking news faded, the company produced a television commercial with Woods father asking Woods questions about the scandal. Woods responded truthfully, fessing up to the dramatic incident of his infidelity. NIKE has also chosen to continue sponsoring Penn State athletics through the tumultuous sex abuse scandal involving head football coach, Joe Paterno, in 2011 and have no plans to change the name of their Joe Paterno Child Development Center building despite pressure by upset NIKE consumers (Thomaselli, 2011). Despite ethical concerns of consumers and critics, NIKE has continued to blossom in the face of adversity, also standing by NBA star,Kobe Bryant, after allegations of sexual assault.To maintain a positive pu blic image NIKE sponsors high school sports events, endorses a Reuse-A-Shoe program, and has made charitable donations of millions of dollars (Nike.com). However, work must be done to recover the companys profile amongst human rights activists and organizations in the wake of multiple lawsuits in 2004. Nike has faced several obstacles when it comes to unequal pay of workers, harsh and toxic work environments, child labor, sexual harassment, and unionization (Teinowitz, 2003). Though NIKE attempted to regain positive perceptions with the No Sweat Challenge against internationally sweatshop-produced sneakers, they have not found much success.In 2008, Adidas began their Celebrate Originality campaign, which featured in-store workshops to create personalized shoes. Interactive television touchscreens and cameras were present to create a different, interactive, and memorable experience for the customers. The company also launched Adidas.tv featuring claymation films, celebrity Youtube vi deos, and shopping. An earlier partnership with denim apparel company, Diesel, inspired the Originals line for the true aficionados denim and sneakers. Like NIKE, Adidas has faced a few hardships, namely through charges of withholding employee compensation (Mirando, 2012). The company promised there would be no future abuses.Reebok has approached demographics differently in their sales and campaigning. In 2005, the company launched a young Latino website called Barrio BBK for the U.S. Hispanic market. The site features videos, games, and music. Everything is written in Spanglish, indicating a sense of assimilation, the music is reggaeton, the feel is urban, and the advertisements feature famous Latino singers, actors and athletes. Following the success of the site was Reeboks partnership for the production of a new sneaker with Daddy Yankee. This partnership was a smart move, as Daddy Yankee is an enormous Latin pop icon. The company has also worked with singers Katy Perry and B.o.B ., athlete David Beckham, and the infamous Kardashian family. Reebok has had difficulties in their public relations department due to failed guarantees of their Reetone sneakers. With many dissatisfied customers, Reebok has been forced to pay $25 million in FTC violations (Crain, 1997). In addition, the EasyTone campaign that attempted to promote the Reetone in its early days failed because of its alleged sexism and blatant objectification. Interactive Media Analysis Interactive elements of a brands integrated positioning strategy are essential to its sales success. In todays technology-driven world, target consumers are accessible via the Internet (Clancey Kreig, 2010). Websites need to be well designed and developed to provide aesthetics, usability, user experience, and responsive elements.NIKE Inc. has a range of interactive tools that allow users to experience the brand first-hand (Nike, 2012). The repetitive use of Twitter.com hash tags and the ability for users to share experiences help consumers hear the thoughts of their peers and adopt opinions. A Pew Research Center survey conducted in 2011 found,Twitter use by Internetusers ages 25-34 has doubled since late 2010 (from 9% to 19%) (Smith, 2011). This survey also explains users are twice aslikely to use Twitter if they live inurban areas, which directly appliesto our target segment.Overall, the exceptional interaction level offered by Nike.com helps build positive feelings about the bran d by making the NIKE brand transparent and accessible.A variety of NIKE Inc. child websites provide sport-specific information for competitive athletes.This ensures users will visit the NIKE Inc. website for activities separate from online purchasing. This strategy heightens the likelihood of brand exposure and adds to users value of the NIKE brand. The overall experience of NIKE.com is improved for users whoseinterests align with these child websites; however, casual runners are not addressed in most of the content.NIKE.com excels in both function and aesthetic (Appendix A, Figure 6). Awwards.com lists one of NIKEs child websites as a Best CSS Website, a prominent design award (CSSAwards, 2012). Nike.coms simple interface ensures a pleasant user experience through the conventional navigation system, clear language, and concise content. Action photographs of athletic, healthy men and women are featured on most of the pages. Overall, the websites style works to create a young,energet ic image for Nike.com. As NIKEs largest competitor, Adidass website features similar interaction options (Adidas, 2012). The homepage includes a large banner that responds to mouse movements to offer individualized interaction opportunities. The links include options likereading about Adidas basketball on Facebook or following Adidas marketers on Twitter.However, most of the Adidas interaction options are geared towards competitive athletes through the intimidating imagery, titles, and content. Specific options for casual or beginning runners are not included on the homepage.Adidas website is centered around sales. Instead of creating content or articles to entice visitors to stay on Adidas.com and interact with their products, Adidass main navigation contains links to sub-brands. These pages contain a few story previews and video clips, but they focus on products and product descriptions. Casual runners will find no specific informationrelating to their athletic apparel or shoe needs in these pages.Aesthe tically, Adidas is similar to Nike, providing a clean layout and interesting visuals (Appendix A, figure 7). Photographs feature professional athletes and interesting action shots, but fail to reference casual runners. The function of the website is effective. Users can easily find 20 products, information, and interaction opportunities. Reebok launched a new website on March of this year. The website focuses on an interaction element similar to the up-and-coming social media trend of pinning. Videomaterial, articles, and images are all linked on the homepage and serve as interesting, interactive elements for users. In addition to this pin board interaction, a search bar located near the primary site navigation allows users to search for what they want with just a few keystrokes (Reebok International Ltd., 2012).With the redesign, Reebok added much more accessible and applicable content. Now, articles and tutorials are placed on the homepage where viewers will quickly see them. This brand interaction will help Reebok keep visitors on their website for activities besides shopping.The new aesthetic and function of Reebok.com are almost equal that of NIKE and Adidas(Appendix A, figure 8). The website is functional and simple to navigate, providing the trendy pinboard navigation and clear secondary link system. Similarly , the design is simple, minimalistic, appealing to young visitors. SWOT Analysis One of NIKEs largest strengths is the brands ability to reach a self-expressive level of consumer engagement by giving the users the feeling that the NIKE brand empowers wearers. Additionally, NIKE exists as extremely brand loyal because they have created an image of dependability and trust among consumers. NIKE has an excellent interactive campaign, but they demonstrate a huge weakness by not including the up-and-coming social media phenomenon ofpin boards in their interactive strategy. NIKE also seems to alienate the casual running community by focusing too much on the competitive aspect of running and athletics. Opportunities forNIKE lie in advertising spending online to increase brand awareness for casual running experiences, as only four percent of the companys current media is focused in an online environment as opposed to higher percentages by their competitors.NIKE can also sponsor running events to gain non-competitive consumers who enjoy fitness and running as a hobby.Reebok and Adidas new brand messages, which the images build running and fitness as fun and innovative rather than solely competitive, pose a threat to NIKE because the companies can steal away urban runners who want a more laid back experience.

Did nuclear weapons bring the world to the edge of war or did they help ensure peace

Nuclear weapons are among the weapons of mass destruction, which were first detonated in1945 during the Second World War. Primarily, the United States of America is the only nation that has used nuclear weapons in wars, having detonated two atomic bombs in two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, on 6th and 9th August 1945 respectively.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Did nuclear weapons bring the world to the edge of war or did they help ensure peace? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The destruction of these two acts was immense and the effects of the same can still be felt to date. In the recent past, the possession and production of nuclear weapons has brought much tension in the world. From the time of these two bombings, nuclear weapons are closely monitored and supervised. This paper will discuss whether nuclear weapons brought the world to edge of war, as well as their role in ensuring peace. The natio ns that have acknowledged that they possess nuclear weapons are United States of America, China, North Korea, France, Russia, United Kingdom, Pakistan, and India. Israel is suspected to possess this ammunition but has not acknowledged or denied the claim. However, the numbers of nations yearning to have nuclear power for either military or economic are many. Due to this, nations that already possess these weapons use this as a bargaining point, however, there are restrictions on who can produce or buy these weapons. Moreover, governments believe that nuclear weapons advance their national security, provide insurance against future risks and uncertainties (Paone, 2009). Other reasons why a country may want to acquire nuclear powers are if one of its aggressors owns these weapons, to advance its international standings, running of economy through nuclear energy. International relations are soaring since the invention of nuclear weapons. It is clear that with increase of nuclear, there is high risk of a nuclear war (Karp and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1992); indeed, nuclear weapons have brought the world to the verge of war. The ability of a nation to destroy another population and environment with these weapons launched from far has increased the risk of military conflict. In addition, the risk of nuclear terrorism is real, in the wake of increased terror attacks in the world. Although up until now terrorists have not used nuclear weapons in their attacks, there is a fear that, terrorist could access and use these weapons.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the event that terror groups cannot access nuclear weapons, they can choose to attack nuclear power plants, leading to catastrophic situations. Nuclear weapons are beyond reach by small terror groups; however, in the era where some states are exporting terror, these states c an facilitate terror organization to obtain nuclear weapons. Even with restrictions and regulation on states intending to acquire nuclear weapon, some states have been able to obtain weapons of mass destruction illegally. With technological advancement, terrorists would not face any hitches in manufacture of nuclear weapons. In addition, some irresponsible states could possibly sell nuclear weapons to terror groups in the black market. The other risk is unstable and poorly governed nations acquiring nuclear weapons and using them irresponsibly against its people or other nations. Nuclear weapons have not ensured peace since there is fear and uncertainty of what could happen next. It is likely that one nation will use their weapons offensively. In addition, there is also the risk of accidents in the nuclear plants; nations in the nuclear club are able to interfere with lesser nations affairs because of their military strength, a case in example being the invasion of Iraq by United St ates. Lesser countries are made to feel like subjects to the larger nations because of their military powers. This has led superpower nations to meddle with smaller nations’ affairs, as they are defenseless. One of the major reasons why Iraq was invaded and occupied by the foreign forces was suspicion that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction; thus, the more superior nations joined and set to destroy and disarm him. It was largely believed that Saddam had large amounts of chemical and biological weapons; however, it is still not clear whether Saddam possessed or intended to reopen nuclear plants. This conflict has caused other wars and terrorism acts, given that some nations cannot trust others handling nuclear warheads. A report indicates that Mr. Hussein had ambitions of building a science hub and weapons of mass destruction but his capacity had gone down since 1991 (Holdstock and Barnaby, 2003). Due to this invasion, some people became radicalized and continued t o wage wars against other people and nations. One case study is the bombing of the twin tower in the United States of America. These acts of terror can directly be traced and linked to nuclear weapons; indeed, â€Å"the acts of terror have come in to being neither by accidents nor by deliberate international arrangement; it has resulted from a combination of both political tension and technological advancement of weaponry† (Edwards, 1986, p. 14)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Did nuclear weapons bring the world to the edge of war or did they help ensure peace? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More India and Pakistan conflicts could escalate to nuclear war. These two neighboring states have had conflicts since decolonization, as they both claim a disputed territory among other issues. India acquired nuclear warheads and hence Pakistan with the aid China. The acquisition of nuclear weapons by both countries con tinues to raise fear that their conflict could escalate to nuclear conflict. Indeed, since India and Pakistan acquired nuclear weapons, the level of conflict has considerately risen. There is animosity among nations in the nuclear club and the rest, whereby the nations in the nuclear club use their authority to cartel the hopes of other nations of acquiring nuclear energy. The hostility has grown to a level that these nations can wedge or sponsor terror attacks to nuclear states. In addition, religious states as Islamic could use force in their crusades in attempt to convert people into their religion. The errant nations who defile orders and continue to produce their own weapons are dealt with militarily as was the case with Iraq and its leader Saddam Hussein. Other nations like North Korea and Iran receive a lot of condemnation and the United States of America has been requesting these nations to stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons in their territories (Holdstock and Barnaby , 2003). The nuclear club wants to reserve all the rights to them; however, members of the club can go an extra mile to protect their ‘privileges’ even if it means warfare. Moreover, the reasons that they give why some nations should not have weapons of mass destruction are instability and poor governance. There have been treaties signed by nations with nuclear arsenals to either reduce, or stop the production. However, there are nations who are not complying, hence leading to tensions among members of the nuclear club. The result of this is the likelihood of eruption of war due to some disgruntled nations (Holdstock and Barnaby, 2003, p. 54). Another conflict being fueled by nuclear weapons is Israel and Middle East conflict. Israel does not confirm or denies its possession of nuclear weapons; it has been difficult to settle its conflict with nations in the Middle East. Since Israel owns weapons of mass destruction and hence more superior to its enemies, it has always been provoking and defying fire agreements. In the past, Israel has used un-proportional fire in short war encounters. Moreover, Israel may in the future use its chemical or biological weapons of mass destruction. Protesting against this, Iran has been condemning and requesting the UN to warn Israel against its proliferation of nuclear weapons. Indeed, Israel’s nuclear arsenals have just led to an increase of conflicts with its enemies, who are also likely to seek for nuclear weapons for offensive purposes (Karsh, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the quest for knowing what nations in the nuclear club are developing, nations have resulted in spying, leaving the world on the edge of a war. For instance, the US is suspected to have spies in Iran, Iraq and china, while the Russians are also engaged in this vice. In an effort of deterring nations from obtaining nuclear weapons, nations are arresting scientists believed or linked to aiding in the proliferation of nuclear arsenals; for instance, in a recent case, the US abducted a nuclear scientist from Iran causing tension between the two nations. According to Anon (1982), â€Å"the existence of nuclear weapons, nuclear deterrence has been the most important mechanism in keeping the world in peace for the last 40 years.† Peace is described as absence of war; and in this case, since the fall of the Soviet Union, the world has not gone into a large war except local conflicts after 1945 especially in Africa and Asia though none of these has escalated to the use of nuclear w eapons. Nuclear weapons have led to sustainable peace in the world since 1945. There is control and monitoring of nations with these weapons hence avoiding a state of war. Nuclear weapons have also deterred aggressor nation from provoking others in fear of attack. There is a notion that nuclear weapons prevent armed conflicts due to undesired risks that pose to both parties. On the other hand, the existence of nuclear deterrence has promoted peace in the world. Nuclear deterrence is the refraining of an enemy from using nuclear weapons since he could be destroyed as a consequence. For instance, if two nations choose to engage in nuclear conflict the consequences could be mutual destruction. Governments and leaders are less likely to engage or provoke nations with nuclear weapons, while nations who have strong friends in the nuclear club are respected. Thus, peace has prevailed in the world due to fear. Nevertheless, the bottom line of peace is that nations in the nuclear club could support and defend their weaker allies if need be. Before the invention of nuclear arsenals, warfare was used by governments as a means of achieving political mileage but not any longer. The nation in the nuclear club relationship is based on mistrust; there are always speculations that other nations are advancing technologically more than the other is, reducing the tendency of aggravation of each other. Having witnessed the massive destruction that nuclear weapons caused during the 1945 bombing, fewer nations are willing to engage in wars that could lead to nuclear war. After the use of these weapons, a body was formed that controls the affairs of the world, with the United Nations being a peace organization. It was formed during the Second World War, came into being officially in October 1945, with the main duties being to maintain international peace, security, and to develop friendly relations among nations Since many sovereign nations are signatories to the UN, they are limited or governed and deterred from engaging in wars. The UN has promoted the peace to some level as it creates a platform for dialogue for countries with disputes. In extreme cases, the UN also intervenes in areas where there is conflict through it peacekeeping programmes to stop the conflict from escalating. Since the UN is a neutral party, it has helped in solving and stopping many wars as well as advocating for non-proliferation of nuclear warheads. Moreover, the UN has its special forces that work alongside other military to maintain peace. In conclusion, nuclear weapons have helped to ensure peace in the world given that the world has not suffered a major war since the first use of nuclear weapons. Nuclear deterrence is one of the ways nuclear weapons have aided to guarantee peace. Many leaders and governments are not quick to engage in warfare; indeed, the possession of these weapons by government provides national security of their nations and those of their allies. The understan ding of the destruction caused by nuclear weapons has promoted peace. These weapons usually cause immense destruction and can affect the mutual parties. However, it is still not clear whether the balance of terror can continue to sustain the peace prevailing presently. Due to the events leading to first use of nuclear weapon, a peace organization was formed, the UN, a body that has been instrumental in ensuring peace in the world. In addition, the body has played a major role in deterring the use of nuclear weapons. Nevertheless, this body has some limitation, since it is funded by the super powers, who are also permanent members of the Security Council, hence the UN sometimes cannot have a great influence over them. A case in mind is the invasion of Iraq. On the other hand, weapons of mass destruction have brought the world to the edge of war. The nations with these weapons boast of superior military strength, and due to this, they can meddle and provoke other smaller nations. In t he attempt of controlling of perforation of weapons of mass destruction, smaller nations have been invaded. There is always spying of other nations to check what they are doing. Acts of terror in the world are largely linked to nuclear weapons and the way members of the nuclear weapon club treat their nations. Even in the nuclear club, there is mistrust among members, as they are trying to outdo one another with development of new weapons. However, due to the catastrophic consequence of chemical and biological weapons, the world should consider unilateral nuclear weapons disarments programmes. Moreover, the reduction of amount of weapons in the world could certainly reduce risks and tensions in the world. Reference List Anon.1982. The Economist, Volume 284, Issues 7244-7256. London: Charles Reynell Publisher. Edwards, J. C., 1986. Nuclear weapons, the balance of terror, the quest for peace. Surrey: Sunny press. Holdstock, D and Barnaby, F., 2003. The British nuclear weapons programm e, 1952-2002. London: Routledge. Karp, R. C. and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 1992. Security without nuclear weapons? Different perspectives on non-nuclear security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Karsh, E., 2000. Israel: From war to peace? London: Routledge. Paone, R. M., 2001. Evolving New World order/disorder: China-Russia-United States-NATO. Oxford: University Press of America. Segell, G., 2005. Axis of evil and rogue states: the Bush administration. London: Glenn Segell publishers. This essay on Did nuclear weapons bring the world to the edge of war or did they help ensure peace? was written and submitted by user Orion N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Great War Essays

The Great War Essays The Great War Essay The Great War Essay The Great War spanned just five years yet inflicted severe damage to most of Europe. This war, which resulted in millions of lives lost and dollars spent, was the outcome of two factors.The first, and perhaps the direct cause, was the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand while the second cause was the various alliances that created tension among powerful nations.The thesis of Mr. Fay, which states that every country was responsible for the cause of the war, is wrong and the purpose of this essay is to prove it so.The only countries responsible for the whole war were Austria and Serbia. As previously stated, one of the main causes for the Great War was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. On June 28th, 1914, while riding in the motorcade through the streets of Sarajevo, Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were shot and killed by Gavrilo Princip, a player in the Greater Serbia terror society called the Black Hand. The assassination acted as a catalyst where Austria and Serbia could use the archdukes death to start a war between them. Unfortunately, other countries would foolishly take sides and enter the war as well. The plot devised by renegade Serbians was known of before it happened while the leader of Serbia, Premier Pashitch, did nothing to stop it. Because of this, Premier Pashitchs action, or lack there of, can be deemed hostile and thus a direct link to the cause of the Great War. Since Pashitch was the leader of Serbia at the time, Serbia is therefore responsible for war. Since there were other underlying factors that led to war, the Premier may no t have been able to prevent the entire war if he decided to act accordingly, but he certainly could have postponed it. The second main cause of the Great War deals with the alliances between many countries as had there been no alliances between neighboring countries.

Knowledge Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Knowledge Management - Essay Example The paper talks about knowledge management that has been developed as a tool as well as an effective strategy that focuses on using of data, information and knowledge among the people in an organization. It therefore concentrates on creating, sharing and utilizing the data or information that are either stored in database or documented in scripts or papers, and converting them to useful forms of knowledge for the benefits of the organization. Data is un-processed information, and when these are gathered, analyzed, interpreted and recorded in documents or database, it becomes information. Knowledge occurs when people gain information and are processed for the use of them in the organization. For several years, organizations have been solely depending on documents for recording and analyzing the data as well as information, but in recent years, technologies have got major significance and roles in the knowledge management landscape due to the advances in information technology. Tacit a nd Explicit knowledge are common terms in knowledge management literature. Knowledge can be classified as either explicit or tacit. This classification is based on where the data, information and knowledge are stored. According to this classification, knowledge management is a process of storing and making them used for the business throughout the papers, documents, data base as commonly referred as explicit knowledge. Information and knowledge that exists in people’s mind are known to be part of tacit knowledge. ... Tacit and Explicit knowledge are common terms in knowledge management literature. Knowledge can be classified as either explicit or tacit. This classification is based on where the data, information and knowledge are stored. According to this classification, knowledge management is a process of storing and making them used for the business throughout the papers, documents, data base as commonly referred as explicit knowledge. Information and knowledge that exists in people’s mind are known to be part of tacit knowledge (Noe, p. 170). Knowledge that are stored in computers assisted by certain specially built software are very similar to that of tacit knowledge, despite the fact that they are commonly referred as explicit, because they can easily be processed than that of papers or documents. Though both papers and technology data base together are known as explicit forms, technology has made tremendous changes and brought greater conveniences in the field of knowledge managemen t, because technology made knowledge management an easy process. Tacit knowledge is more valuable and possesses greater significance in terms of its effectiveness to business, because knowledge that exist in people’s mind can easily be processed, transferred, shared and converted to more useful forms. People may need more efforts in identifying suitable information from the documents or computers, analyzing them, summarizing and interpreting and finally using them for the business purposes. In short, knowledge management comprises of creation, sharing and using of information and knowledge, that are stored either in papers, documents, database or

Financial Accounting questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Financial Accounting questions - Essay Example ----- 36 Consolidated Balance Sheet on 1.1.2001 (after acquisition)Blue Verta Group Note Assets: Property, plant & Eq. 150 120 270 Current assets 108 105 213 Goodwill 66 - 66 1 Investment in Verta 210 - - Total 549 Capital and Liabilities Equity Capital of Blue 300 120 300 Retained earnings of Blue 78 60 78 Current Liabilities (90 +45) 90 45 135 Minority interests - 36 2Total 549 Solutions to problems of Consolidation of Accounts Question 5 1. Computation of goodwill: Note 1: Blue's investments in Verta Co 90 Less: 60%... Scenario 3:H owes 60% of voting rights of S which, in turn owns 20% of voting shares of S1. Hence, effectively, H owns 60% of 20% ie 12 % of the voting rights in S1 through indirect holdings. He also owns 20% directly. In Toto, his voting shares are 12 + 20 = 32 % of the total voting shares in S1. It may be said that, barring other circumstances, H cannot exercise majority holdings in S1 in none of the three scenarios mentioned above, since his holdings are not above 50% of the total voting shares. The consolidation of accounts arises in the context of holding companies and its subsidiary companies, including acquired holdings and acquisitions of companies by the parent or holding company. The acquired subsidiaries may be independent units having separate product lines and profit centers for the purpose of management accounting and presentation of company accounts. However, since aspects like inter company sales, dividends and profit allocations become necessary, it becomes necessary for the accounts of the subsidiaries to be merged, or consolidated with that of the holding companies in order to present a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Group on the Balance Sheet date. The reason for consolidation arises because non routine transactions between the holding Company and its acquired subsidiaries need to be smoothened out for stock transfer implications, dividen

Fear of technlogy locally Essay Example for Free

Fear of technlogy locally Essay ICT had a big influence on work styles and the way in which day-to-day tasks are carried out in organisations. ICT has affected the way in which data is processed, information transmitted and knowledge is applied. Also ICT has influenced the physical environment of the workplace (individual workstations), what workers do (less paper more ICT), where they are based (sometimes from home), their job roles, their interaction with other people (less face to face and more electronic communication) and their skill needs (often need additional training or re-training). Communication ICT has affected not only the way people communicate but also the means that they use to communicate. Today the preferred methods of communication are e-mails and chat, messaging and chat facilities. The emphasis is on speed, interactivity and collaboration. An example would be that word processing programs allow comments to be added to documents without the original text being changed. This document can then be sent as an attachment using and e-mail program to one or more people who can also then add their own comments and re-distribute the document. Education ICT is incorporated at every educational level and begins with ICT being part of the national curriculum from an early age. Students need to develop software skills to enable then to carry out research and produce course work as they progress through the educational system. To support teachers and students a number of initiatives have been developed to provide them with resources that support both teaching and learning. Examples include cut-price computers and laptops for those with learning difficulties such as dyslexia. Local authorities have supported schools in getting access to the Internet and have developed ICT centres where kills can be improved. Internet access is also available in most public libraries. The agenda is simply to widen participation in the use of ICT. The development of ICT skills is necessary as these transferable key skills are seen to be necessary by employers just as are maths and English competence. E learning has also been developed for those who do not have the time to study full time and prefer to enhance their qualifications form home. Online courses exist such as those for ECDL (European Computer Driving Licence), those provided by Learn Direct and Webwise. Check out the following sites: http://www. becta. org. uk/ http://www. ngfl. gov. uk/ http://www. bbc. co. uk/schools/ http://www. bbc. co. uk/learning/ http://www. bbc. co. uk/webwise/ http://www. learndirect. co. uk/courses Entertainment and leisure Entertainment and leisure pursuits have changed in terms of what we do and how we do it. These changes are primarily due to the Internet. Which provides opportunities for communication, playing games and other interactive activities. People can book tickets for flights, holidays and the theatre. Mobile phone and games consoles have provide additional ways to use the Internet without the need for a traditional PC. http://www.ticketmaster.com/ http://www.lastminute.com/ http://www.games.com/ http://www.londoneye.com/ http://www.alton-towers.co.uk/resort/

Smokng in Bars :: essays research papers fc

Smoking in Bars   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Within the last several years, health issues toward smoking have become a very popular issue. All over the nation, college students are having to deal with secondhand smoke any time they want to go out and socialize with their friends in a bar. Secondhand smoke can be very detrimental to anybody that it encounters. It is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer and coronary heart disease in nonsmoking adults (TIPS). For years communities have been working to get smoking out of their workplaces, restaurants, and now they are pushing to ban smoking from bars. If you are a non-smoker, this is a very positive movement. It is never very much fun when you go into a bar to hang out with some friends and the whole place is covered with smoke. The whole next day, on top of maybe having a slight hangover, you will probably be coughing up a lung. Where is the fun in that? This law has already been passed in many places all over the United States. Only a select few are against what is trying to be done. When these laws were being debated at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, some bar and restaurant owners showed up to voice their opinions. They called it extremist, draconian and overly broad, saying it would cause the loss of jobs and the loss of city liquor taxes. They also said the law would set an uneven playing field because it allows smoking at restaurants with outdoor patios (Cooper). Of course, you might upset a few customers, but are people going to quit coming? Troja, a manager at Johnny’s Tavern in Lawrence, does not foresee the ordinance chasing customers away. â€Å"When it comes down to it,† he said, â€Å"they’re not going to stop going to their favorite tavern just because they can’t smoke there† (Cooper, par.7). An estimated 1,700 cities across the country restrict smoking, but only 74 have smoking bans that, like in Lawrence, include the workplace as well as restaurants and bars. (Cooper) This is great. Why can’t more people follow suit? An estimated 3,000 lung cancer deaths and 35,000 heart disease deaths occur annually among adult nonsmokers in the United States as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke (TIPS). College students do not realize that they are putting themselves at risk every time they step foot into these bars.

Bullying in the organization sby

When we speak of work-place bullying, we are actually referring to the verbal, physical, social or psychological assault that one’s employer or manager, another individual or group of people carry out on a person. In other words it is the tendency of individuals to use increasingly aggressive attitude towards a co-worker or be very unreasonable towards him. This has become an increasingly important problem that Human resource department at most organisations have to counter.What makes workplace bullying far more difficult to counter than school-yard bullying is that it usually operates within the rules and regulations prescribed by the organisation and the society. Also, according to Ichniowski and Olson (2000), workplace bullies generally use words and actions to intimidate their victims, unlike playground bullies, who often resort to using their fists. Workplace bullying may involve verbal, non-verbal abuse tactics, humiliation, physical and psychological aggression.Workplac e bullying isn’t specific to a certain type of work-environment, as it can happen in any type of work condition, ranging from offices to workshops, from highly bureaucratic work environments, like the military, to highly casual ones. Workplace bullying may take different forms such as being rude or confrontational, damaging property that belongs to the organisation, social isolation, screaming and cursing others, physically assaulting them, etc.According to Ichniowski and Olson (2000), psychological and social bullying usually involves verbal abuse, aimed at making fun of one’s work or the individual himself. This may include making fun of one’s ethnicity, family, sexuality, race, education, etc. Isolation is another means of inflicting psychological aggression upon an individual. Workplace bullies will also try various methods of harassment and intimidation to upset your mind and make sure you aren’t able to focus on what you are supposed to, i. e. work. According to Lewis (2003), incase the bully is your boss or employer or supervisor, he or she might try to assign you pointless tasks that have nothing to do with your area of speciality or your job description. The other extreme end would be assigning you jobs that may be extremely boring, difficult or impossible to perform due to lack of time, or deliberately holding back information you need for getting your work done properly. Similarly, one might be a victim of physical bullying, where one may be attacked or threatened.According to Thomas (2005), acts of physical bullying include spitting, pushing, punching, shoving, kicking, tripping, scratching, grabbing, biting, attacking or threatening with equipment such as knives, club, gun, etc or any other type of direct physical contact. Physical bullying also includes sexual harassment, such as flashing or touching, or when you are made to do humiliating things in order to be accepted as part of a team, as stated byIchniowski and Olso n (2000).Incase of physical bullying, especially, one should immediately report the matter to the police and the employer or someone in the human resource department. One can also revert to the following steps in order to deal with a workplace bully, as explained by Ichniowski and Olson (2000): †¢ Seek advice from a trusted individual or may be a mentor, who might be available in the same organisation or even outside, who may have been through a similar situation †¢ One can also try to confront the bully in a professional manner, but keeping in mind one’s own safety and giving it top priority.One should stay as calm as possible, and no sink to his or her level, and yell or threaten, as more often than not this is what bullies are looking for in the first place. And neither should one show weakness and cry, cause that might again motivate the bully to come back for more †¢ One shouldn’t allow the bully to make one feel low self-esteemed, because only the individual would know his or her true worth or capacity †¢ One should focus on the task in hand and try to do it well, because the bully’s goal is most often to try and fail you in your job †¢ One shouldn't let the bully isolate oneself from friends and colleaguesTo date, the phenomenon of workplace bullying is always associated with managers or colleagues who are the perpetrators, but that may not always be the case. There is something known as ‘upward bullying’ which may exist in organisations. In this case managers are actually the target. But since it is very rare, not much research or attention has been given to it. A recent research conducted on upward bullying by students of Griffith University, shows that work environment, change within organizations and power issues are the major contributing factors to upward bullying.According to Kelly (2000), organisations usually do not take workplace bullying by the neck, their policies are usually flawed which enables bullies to take advantage. In most cases the Human Resource Department is aware of who the aggressor is, but they usually wait for something illegal to happen, i. e. if its not illegal harassment there is no effort made to eradicate it. According to Kelly (2000), a research conducted by the University of Illinois indicates that workplace bullying occurs 4 times as frequently as compared to illegal forms of harassment or discrimination.WORKPLACE BULLYING AND THE HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT However, ideally speaking, an organisation would be better off taking strict action and notice against workplace bullies themselves rather than allowing individuals to do so. The first and foremost step for them would be to come up with an anti-harassment policy, or try to expand an existing anti-harassment policy if it hasn’t proven to be effective enough. Such a policy would also encourage witnesses to come forward and either second the target’s claim or dismiss them.Als o, the human resource department should try to structure a dispute resolution process. This would encourage the targets to step forward sooner. According to Zapf and Einarsen (2001), the human resource department should also monitor the turnover rates and stress-related compensation claims taken by the workers within every department and every manager, so that even if a manager who is guilty of workplace bullying goes unreported, such an analysis ca bring him into the limelight.Another approach to tackling workplace bullying would be to offer courses and training to the supervisors and teach them to criticise employees without offending them. Also, in the present scenario, where, companies, especially the bigger ones have a well-diversified work force, the Human Resource should take claims of workplace bullying very seriously, because if they fail to treat such claims seriously, it would result in further isolation and mistrust on part of the employee.The leadership along with the H uman resource Department should realise the grave consequences workplace bullying may have on the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the organisation. According to Kelly (2000), in approximately 80% of the cases, the employees productivity is adversely affected. This unreasonable behaviour also affects the mental and physical health of the employees, resulting in a decrease in the job satisfaction and job involvement. According to Vartia (1996), it causes a decrease in the employees’ morale, resulting in higher turnover rates.This also causes long term loses to the organisation as they employees that are bullied may sooner or later quit their jobs, this increases the company’s overall advertising expenditure, as they have to advertise frequent job vacancies, and also train the new employee and explain him the job description and the kind of work he would have to perform. Now, the human resource department may respond to issues related to workplace bullying in 5 di fferent ways. The first one is called the Mafioso, which is perhaps the worst stance HR can take with regards to such a situation.In this case even though the HR is aware of the problem and the aggressors, they are not inclined to take any action. In other words they actively participate in bullying employees and support such activities from every possible angle. The second approach is called the Ostrich, where the HR department come up with muffled and sandy responses to reports of workplace bullying, such as saying that, we do not have such problem at the workplace nor are we gong to have one, etc. The third stance is termed as fire-fighter, where the Human Resource Department is overloaded with work, and they do not have time to focus or concentrate on such matters.WORKPLACE BULLYING AND THE LEADERSHIP Apart from the Human resource department itself, leadership of that particular organisation has a very important role to play in managing and curtailing employee behaviour and prev enting workplace bullying. If the leader can take a stand against any such activity, the chances of occurrence may drastically drop automatically. Leaders need to see all employees equally and avoid any biases when treating employees, as stated by Rayner and Cooper (2003). They should prohibit from doing acts that portray favourism towards a particular employee or a group of employees.EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AMONGST INDIVIDUALS Also what might be of significant help when managing workplace bullying in organisations is if the individual has a higher degree of emotional intelligence. It helps employees manage their own mood along with the mood of the organization. It instils in them a greater degree of self-awareness and empathy allowing them to read and regulate their emotions while being able to intuitively grasp how others feel and gauge the emotional state of the organisation. According to Goleman (2000), there are five components to emotional intelligence.Self-awareness is the tra it where emotional intelligence actually begins, such individuals are never hesitant to talk about and discuss their weaknesses and it is this attitude that later brings upon a positive change in them as they are able to improve upon their weaknesses with the passage of time. According to Sheehan (1999), this helps them bring about a positive change as one becomes aware of his or her limitations and one knows when and where he or she can actually stand-up and deliver regardless of the obstacles that may come his way.The second trait is self-regulation, and individuals with this trait can control their emotions and impulses better and channel them for good purposes. This brings about an openness to criticism in their attitude and behaviour, and increases their trustworthiness and integrity, and also helps them remain comfortable in ambiguous and unreasonable situations and scenario, as discussed by Sheehan (1999). So, an individual with higher degree of self-regulation is never intim idated or threatened from workplace bullies, and he never reacts to any of their actions, which is what the bullies ideally want.Motivation is perhaps the most important trait and the most obvious one that an individual is judged upon in an environment where workplace bullying is rampant. The individual needs to self-motivate himself to performing his job and the tasks assigned to him without thinking too much about what activities or attitude other employee or employees have towards him. It portrays the optimism of the individual, and his dedication to the organisation, such that he is able to find positives from every negative thing that happens in his life, so it has to do more with the mind than anything else.Understanding the emotional makeup of others is referred to as empathy. In order to tackle workplace bullying, it is important for the individual to understand why the aggressor is trying to bully him, and what is he trying to achieve from such an act. This can greatly help individual in managing himself and his emotions and react the right way and not lose focus, as explained by Sheehan (1999). The last trait that comes under emotional intelligence is the social skills of the individual.It is the proficiency in managing relationships and building networks that can greatly help an individual to overcome the effects of workplace bullying. It is always a good feeling to have some support on your own side. This may also help in finding common grounds between individuals who are aggrieved and the bullies and it also enables one to build rapport. It also improves his persuasiveness and the ability to build and lead teams. THE CHALLENGE OF CULTURAL CHANGES As described earlier, workplace bullying is a problem that is more common than what people anticipate or realise.It not only impacts the individual himself, but also the organisation and the society itself is affected. And apart from resulting in lost productivity, there are other risks that it bring alon g for the organisation, which include legal expenses and settlement payouts. Many believe that changing the organisation’s culture is the way forward. The challenge for the Human resource department is to picture the prevailing problem of workplace bullying. They also need to identify how much of it is contributed due to the loop holes in the office rules, which describe an employees’ conduct when at work.They also need to identify how much of an impact has training had in shaping their attitude and behaviour. Then comes the most important step, whereby, the human resource department needs to identify practical approaches to nurturing a culture that reduces bullying. Last but not the least, the Human Resource Department needs to identify a long-term approach to tackling such issues, i. e. they need to formulate a long-term strategy to eradicate workplace bullying. References Cooper (eds. ), Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace.International Perspectives in res earch and practice (London, Taylor and Francis) Cooper, L (eds. ), Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace. International Perspectives in research and practice (London, Taylor and Francis) Goleman, Daniel. (1998) â€Å"What Makes a Leader? â€Å", Harvard Business Review. Ichniowski, Casey and Craig Olson. (2000). The American Workplace: Skills, Compensation, and Employee Involvement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kelly, David. (2000). Workplace Bullies Dump Bull on Co-Workers. Available: http://workplacebullying.org/press/hrwire. html. Last accessed 18 September 2008. Lewis, D. (2003), ‘Voices in the social construction of bullying at work’, International Journal of Management and Decision Making, 4, 1. pp. 65-81. Rayner, C. & Cooper, C. L. (2003), ‘The black hole in bullying at work research’, International Journal of Management and Decision Making, 4, 1. Pp. 47-64. Robbins, Stephen P. 2004. Organizational Behavior. New York: Pearsons. Sh eehan, M. (1999), ‘Workplace bullying: responding with some emotional intelligence’, International Journal of Manpower, 20, ?, pp 57-69 Thomas M. (2005), ‘Bullying among support staff in a higher education institution’, Health Education, 105, 4, pp. 273-288. Vartia, M. (1996), ‘The sources of bullying – psychological work environment and organisational climate’, European Journal of Work and Organisational Psychology, 5, 2. pp 203-214. Zapf, D. & Einarsen, S. (2001), ‘Bullying in the workplace: Recent trends in research and practice – an introduction’, European Journal of Work and Organisational Psychology, 10 (4), pp. 369-373.